CBSE Class 5 EVS Globe and Maps NCERT Study Notes & Solutions

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GLOBE AND MAPS

MAPS

Representation of Earth or its regions in –

Three Dimensions – Globe
Two Dimensions – Maps
- Collection of Maps - Atlas
- Art of making Maps – Cartography

Elements of Maps – Represent different information about the area on map.

Direction – Compass on map to show direction or Top of the map is North.
Colour – Represent physical attributes of the area
- Brown (Mountains),
- Yellow (Plateau),
- Light Blue (Shallow water bodies),
- Dark Blue (Deep water bodies),
- Green (Plains).
Symbol - Represent specific landmarks in the area.
- PO (Post Office),
- PS (Police Station),
- Cross (Church)
- Single Line (Regular Road),
- Two Parallel Lines (National Highway)
- Single Blue Line (River),
- Broken Line (Sea Route).
- Red Cross (Hospital),
- Pair of students (School)
Scale - Ratio between the size of the map and the area shown. 1 cm:100 km means 1 cm on map is equivalent to 100km in actual distance.

Types of Maps

Political Maps - Shows the boundaries and locations of countries, states, cities, towns. These boundaries and locations are determined by governments rather than nature.
Physical Maps - Shows landforms, bodies of water and other geographical features.
Road Map - Displays roads and transport links.
Thematic Maps - Shows a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area e.g. percentage population change.

GLOBE

The Earth’s entire surface is marked by a crisscross of horizontal lines and vertical lines forming a grid.

Horizontal Lines (Latitudes or Parallels):-

Latitudes are horizontal lines drawn on the globe or map that go round the Earth and run parallel to each other and therefore referred as Parallels.
The Latitude at biggest circumference of the Earth is called Equator and is measured as 0 degree.
There are 90 degrees of latitude to the North of the Equator called the Northern Hemisphere and 90 degrees of latitude to the South of the Equator called the Southern Hemisphere.
There are 181 degrees of latitudes in all. There are 90 degrees in North, 90 degrees in South, and there is the 0°latitude, which is the Equator.
The North Pole is the northern-most point on the Earth. It is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean. The latitude of North Pole is 90°N or north and one end of all the longitude lines meet at the North Pole.
The South Pole is the southern-most point on the surface of the Earth. It is situated on the continent of Antarctica. The latitude of South Pole is 90°S or south and another end of all longitude lines meet at the South Pole.
North Pole and South Pole lie diametrically opposite each other.
The Tropic of Cancer is a line of latitude circling the Earth at 23½° N or north of the Equator.
The Tropic of Capricorn is a line of latitude circling the Earth at 23½°S or south of Equator.
Arctic Circle is a line of latitude circling the Earth at 66½° N or north of equator.
Antarctic Circle is a line of latitude circling the Earth at 66½° S or south of equator.

Vertical Lines (Longitudes or Meridians):-

Longitudes are vertical lines drawn on the globe or map. They form semicircles that run from the North Pole to the South Pole and are also called Meridians.
The Longitude running through the Old Royal Observatory at Greenwich near London is marked 0°. It is called the Prime Meridian.
There are 180 degrees of longitudes to the East of the Prime Meridian called the Eastern Hemisphere and 180 degrees of longitudes to the West of the Prime Meridian called the Western Hemisphere.
There are 360 degrees of longitudes in all. There are 180 degrees in East, 180 degrees in West, and there is the 0°longitude, which is Prime Meridian minus 1 Longitude because the 180°E and 180°W is the same longitude.
The 180° East and 180°west longitudes meet and form a single line, in the Pacific Ocean, which is on the opposite side of the Prime Meridian is called the International Date Line.

Rotation and Revolution of Earth

Rotation of Earth:-

The Earth is tilted at an angle of 23½° from the vertical plane. Axis of the Earth passes through the centre of the Earth from North Pole to the South Pole.
The Earth spins on its axis once in 24 hours from west to east thereby causing the Sun to rise in east. This movement is known as rotation.
Rotation of the Earth on its axis causes day and night. As the Earth rotates, the side facing the Sun has day and other part facing away from the Sun has night.
Rotation of the Earth on its axis causes Tides, which is a rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice a day.

Revolution of Earth:-

While Earth is rotating on its axis, it is also revolving around the Sun. The Earth follows a fixed path called orbit to move around the Sun. This movement is known as revolution.
The Earth completes one revolution around the Sun in 365 ¼ days or one year.
Leap year has 366 days and its February has 29 days. It falls every 4th year to cover the ¼ day of the previous 3 years so that the revolution of the Earth matches the completion of our calendar year.
Revolution of the Earth around the Sun and its tilted axis causes seasons.
The hemisphere of the Earth that is tilted towards the Sun gets longer hours of sunlight and has summer season.
The hemisphere of the Earth that is tilted away from the Sun has lesser hours of sunlight and has winter season.
21 March and 23 September - The sun is directly overhead the equator and Earth experiences equinox on these two days. 'Equi' means equal and 'nox' means night, so equinox means equal day and night.
In March, both the poles are at an equal distance from the Sun. The Northern Hemisphere emerges from winter and has spring and the Southern Hemisphere leaves the summer behind and has autumn.
In September, both the poles are at an equal distance from the Sun. The Northern Hemisphere leaves the summer behind and has autumn and the Southern Hemisphere emerges from winter and has spring.
21 June - The Sun is shining directly overhead the Tropic of Cancer and the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun to experience summer solstice in the northern hemisphere. During this time the southern hemisphere experiences winter solstice. This is the longest day in northern hemisphere and the shortest day in the southern hemisphere.
22nd December - The Sun is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn in Southern Hemisphere and tilt of the axis brings the southern Hemisphere closer to the sun to experience summer solstice in the southern hemisphere. During this time the northern hemisphere experiences winter solstice. This is the longest day in southern hemisphere and the shortest day in the northern hemisphere.